Fig. 6. Effect of TES on regulating [Ca²⁺]_i during pro-inflammatory cytokine exposure (TNFα and IL-13) in AR siRNA knockdown ASM cells and ASM cells exposed to Nifedipine (L-type calcium channel inhibitor). A) Confirmation of AR knockdown using siRNA by western analysis. B) Representative blot showing downregulated AR with siRNA knockdown. C) Effect of TES on regulating [Ca²⁺]_i in AR siRNA knockdown non-asthmatic human ASM cells in response to histamine. D) Effect of TES on regulating [Ca²⁺]_i response to histamine in the presence of Nifedipine in non-asthmatic human ASM cells. ^$p<0.05 vs. vehicle, #p<0.05 and ^###p<0.001 vs. neg. siRNA/vehicle (+Nifedipine) and **p<0.01 vs cytokines (+ Nifedipine). Data expressed as mean ± SEM. n=3 for siRNA and n=5 for Nifedipine studies (non-asthmatic males).